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Record Keeping for small business

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Running a small business is about understanding what is going on and about meeting your obligations. You might have obligations to employees, suppliers, the taxman or more simply an obligation to yourself to understand if you are making any money or the ability to look up a past agreement.  This guide will look at why record keeping is important, what you need to keep records on, and how to keep good records.

Record keeping is the activity or occupation of keeping records or accounts.
Record keeping in financial terms is the process of recording transactions and events in a ledger or accounting system. Since the principles of accounting rely on accurate and thorough records, record keeping is the foundation accounting.

WHY should I care about record keeping?

Keeping good records is important for any small business. Whether that is to help manage your costs, whether it is for legal, regulatory or tax reasons, or simply to help manage and improve your business.  Collecting, storing, and effectively analysing your data is vital.

Without adequate records, it would be impossible to measure the health of your business and to keep track of your progress. It also helps avoid fines for doing the wrong thing and demonstrate your financial position if you need a bank loan.

Records must be kept by law for:
  • 5 years for Australian Tax Office purposes
  • 7 years for Human Resources time and wages records
  • 2 years after you have offset a capital loss against a capital gain (individuals & small business)

Keeping good records will make running your business easier and save you time in the long run.

WHAT should I keep records on?

The types of records you should consider keeping include:
  • Client Files
  • Contracts
  • HR required records for 7 years
    • employee details including pay, leave and work hours
    • reimbursements of work-related expenses
    • workers compensation insurance for each employee
    • pay as you go (PAYG) tax instalments
    • superannuation contributions
    • ending employment
  • HR records recommended:
    • resumes and job applications
    • contracts of employment
    • performance reviews
    • trade or registration certificates
  • Business records (for example, business registration, formal meeting minutes etc)
  • General business information (for example, job tracking, customer correspondence)
  • Accounting and tax for 5 years
  • Business expenses
  • Bank statements / credit card statements
  • Annual tax returns
  • Quarterly/Monthly tax filings
  • Payroll
  • Inventory
  • Sales
  • Revenue
  • Petty cash
  • Vehicle logs
  • Invoices
  • Cancelled cheques and cheque stubs
  • Purchase orders

HOW do I make record-keeping easy?

Under Australian law records must be:
  • readily accessible if required
  • must be unchanged and must be stored in a way that restricts the information from being changed or the record damaged (changes may be permitted for correcting an error)
  • in writing (electronic or paper)
  • legible
  • in English
  • explain all transactions
  • accurate and not misleading

A bookkeeper or your accountant can help with this process but this will not remove your need to still be involved in keeping accurate records.

Although you can keep records on paper it will be much easier if you do so electronically.  Refer to our essential guides on expense management, accounting software and payroll software to understand more. If you are concerned about outlaying funds for software you could set up a series of spreadsheets to help manage your accounts.

Other key documents like signed contracts, lease documents etc should be kept in a safe preferably fireproof storage. These documents can also be scanned and stored electronically ensuring you have back up copies.  Refer to our guide on Storage and sharing of files.

Electronic solutions and storage of records have the following advantages:
  • back up records in case of disaster
  • automated processing and provide ready-made reports
  • produces taxation and employment reporting requirements for government submission online
  • keep up with the latest tax rates, laws and rulings
  • save on physical storage space

HINTS

The Australian Tax office (ATO) provides a record-keeping evaluation tool which will help you evaluate how well you are keeping your business records. https://www.ato.gov.au/Calculators-and-tools/Host/?anchor=&anchor=RKET/#RKET/questions

The ATO provides an App for sole traders to help them record business income, expenses, and vehicle trips.  https://www.ato.gov.au/general/online-services/in-detail/mydeductions/mydeductions/

SUMMARY – keep records under Australian law

Record keeping is not just about keeping records for accounting.  Under Australian law, some taxation, superannuation and employment records must be kept for 5 or 7 years. 

Accurate and regimented record keeping will help you find the information you need, provide reporting and make running your business easier.  Modern accounting and payroll cloud-based solutions will not only streamline the process but also produce required government reporting for you.

Lack of record-keeping, false or misleading reporting can result in fines. Always ensure you have backup copies.

Car Expenses

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Work-related car expenses are among the simplest business expenses that can be claimed against your tax bill, thus saving you money. However, claiming does require some discipline. There are different methods like the ATO cents per km and logbook methods to choose from.  This guide will help you decide which car expense deduction method is right for your small business.

A car expense is a cost associated with the running of a car and can include fuel, tyres, servicing, repairs, insurance, tolls, parking, registration, hiring, interest on vehicle loans, lease payments and depreciation. A work-related expense is one that is incurred whilst performing your job.

WHY should I bother?

To claim a motor vehicle expense, you must be able to provide the Australian Tax Office (ATO) a sound justification for the kilometres that you travelled for work purposes. Unfortunately, just because you have a work vehicle that may even advertise your services on the side, it does not mean you can claim 100% of its costs.  The ATO is looking to understand how much you used this vehicle for business purposes versus private usage. So, unfortunately, the trip down to the beach in the ute is unlikely to be a tax deduction.

When you add up the costs of owning and running a vehicle, these costs can run up to hundreds of dollars a week. Over a year, that is thousands of dollars.  If some of this can be claimed, it is much better in your pocket.

WHAT can I claim as car expenses?

Claimable work travel includes:
  • Travel between work locations
  • Travel to a customer
  • Travel to pick up work equipment or supplies
  • Travel to work-related conferences and training courses

Travel from your home to work is not a tax deduction. This includes travel where you may do minor work-related tasks such as collecting mail. Travel from home to work can be claimed where:

  • You are a home-based business, so any business travel can be claimed such as visiting the bank or accountant.
  • You need to transport bulky items to and from their usual place of work where there is no reasonably secure storage provided on-site. For example, a tradie van or ute contains the tools of the trade.
  • You need to travel to a different location for business purposes, such as a customer meeting before or after work.
  • You are on-call, and thus your work has commenced before you leave your home. This would include emergency services, medical staff and after hour repair technicians.

HOW do I claim car expenses?

There are three ATO methods to claim motor vehicle expenses:

1. Cents per km method
2. Logbook method
3. Actual cost method

You may only use one method per year per vehicle.

If you are a Sole Trader or Partnership, you can choose between cents per km or the logbook method. However, if you own a motorcycle or a vehicle designed to carry either greater than one tonne or nine or more passengers, you must use the actual cost method. Thus, if you are a tradie with a one-tonne, ute you must keep actual records all year long.

If you are a Company or Trust, you also must use the actual costs method.

Cents per kilometre method

Every year you can claim up to 5000 kilometres per car based on a cents per kilometre deduction. For the 20/21 tax year, this rate is $0.72 per km. You must provide electronic or written evidence such as a diary to substantiate your kilometres travelled. We suggest you record the date, starting and ending kilometres and reason for travel. If you made a business trip in the 20/21 tax year of 32km, you could claim 32 x $0.72=$23.04.

Logbook method

The logbook method is a means to calculate the percentage of business travel versus private travel. It requires you to keep an electronic or written logbook per car for a single 12-week period within the taxation year.

As a separate exercise, you must record all your car-related expenses for that income year such as fuel and servicing expenses. Although we don’t recommend it, costs can be estimated based on odometer readings.

If over the 12 weeks you travelled 10,000 k kilometres and 6,000 were for business, then your business usage would be 60% (6,000/10,000). If your car expenses, including depreciation, were $9,000 for the income year, you could claim $5,400 ($9,000 x 60%).

The ATO states your logbook must include:

  • when the logbook period starts and ends
  • the vehicles odometer readings at the beginning and end of the logbook period
  • the distance the car travelled during the logbook period
  • kilometres travelled for each journey. If you make multiple journeys on the same day, you can record them as a single journey
    • reason for the trip (business reason or private use)
    • date of the journey
    • odometer readings at the beginning and end of the trip
  • the odometer readings at the start and end of each subsequent income year your logbook is valid for
  • the business-use percentage for the logbook period
  • the brand, model, engine capacity and rego of the car.
Actual cost method

The actual cost method requires you to keep track of every journey and every cost for that vehicle whilst it is owned by the business. As part of this process, you must keep the same sort of records as per the logbook method, but for 52 weeks or the time you have owned the vehicle. The costs for the year, including depreciation, can then multiply by your actual business use percentage to work out the deduction you can claim.

If you provide a vehicle to an employee or a spouse, tax implications are best discussed with a tax accountant.

HINTS

At the time of writing, the government provides a tax incentive to write a car off in the current financial year via temporary full expensing.

If your employee uses their own car for your business, your business can claim a deduction for any motor vehicle allowances or reimbursements you pay them for their costs, such as the cost of fuel.

There are various smartphone applications available to help you keep track of vehicle expenses, just search car logbook apps in your app store.  Some of these will use GPS tracking to make your input easier. The ATO also provides a handy app to keep track of vehicle trips and other business expenses and income.

If using the logbook method best not to include your 4-week driving holiday as part of the 12 week calculation period.

Information on buying vs leasing can be found here.

A guide to buying a van can be found here.

SUMMARY – work-related car expenses

Business use of a vehicle is tax-deductible.  There are three methods to claim a deduction; the choice depends on your business structure and the type of vehicle you use. Accurate record-keeping is important and will make your life so much easier come tax return time. If in doubt about anything discussed in this guide, we recommend you contact your accountant or seek clarification from the ATO

Budgeting for your future

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As many small businesses look for ways to bounce back from the many financial pressures experienced during the global pandemic, it can be difficult to pinpoint exactly where to start. Thus budgeting for your future is important.

Whether business leaders like it or not, a budget will be the guiding force that helps them get back on their feet and make strides towards a financially fit future.

For those looking at the best place to start, here are five ways to map out a business budget you’ll actually stick to.

1. Tally your income sources

Where are your main sources of income coming from? 

Start by looking at your sales figures, and then add any other sources of income for your business throughout the month.

Do you run any additional services alongside your main product or service offering? This can all add up when it comes to funds coming into your business.

No matter how many income sources you have, it’s essential to account for any and all income flowing into your business. Then tally all those sources to get a clear picture of your total monthly income.

You may also want to differentiate between recurring and one-off income in your accounting software. If you decide to take on any external funding down the track, this will demonstrate consistent revenue to potential investors. 

2. Determine fixed costs

Once you’ve sorted out your streams of income, now it’s time to get a handle on your fixed costs.

Fixed costs are any expenses that remain the same from month to month. These include your rent or mortgage, any loan repayments, as well as operating overheads like recurring equipment leasing payments, licenses, or insurances.

Are there ways you can cut down on these fixed costs? Perhaps refinancing your property mortgage or negotiating a lower interest rate for your loan might be a solution? It’s usually worth doing your research into different, more cost-effective platforms, especially in a competitive market with interest rates at record lows. Even if you don’t feel like you have time to look at your loan, it is important to always revisit your options and do your research on new products and rates in the market. Currently, with interest rates at all-time lows, it is a great time to save a significant amount of money, so it is worth allocating time to assess the options available.

3. Calculate your variable expenses

At the end of each month, work out your variable expenses. These costs don’t come with a fixed price tag and can vary in price from month to month, such as electricity, phone bills, or water bills. 

These costs can often fluctuate based on usage, so it’s a good idea to go through them with a fine-tooth comb to work out which expenses you need and what ones you can opt out of. Especially if your team only works from the office flexibly instead of full-time. Still, paying for that unused Spotify subscription for office beats? 

Maybe the water cooler is no longer on duty, or the fax machine is out of commission? Do you really need to order that extra box of whiteboard markers and backup printer ink? One benefit of transitioning to remote or hybrid working arrangements is that you can cut out any unnecessary expenses that you’re not using regularly anymore.

4. Set up an emergency fund 

As a business owner, you’ll know that accidents, issues or a once-in-a-lifetime pandemic can happen. Whether your computer system crashes, the toaster sparks a fire or a freak flood creates water damage, you need to be prepared for any unexpected costs.

Make sure you have some extra funds (around three months worth) tucked away for a rainy day, so you have peace of mind that you’re equipped to cover any surprise costs that come your way.

5. Evaluate your budget monthly, and stick to it

Once you’ve worked out a snapshot of your profit and loss, and you can determine what needs to be covered in your monthly budget, stick to the budget and track its success. 

Health-check your budget at least once a month to ensure you have more revenue coming in than costs going out. 

Are you actually maintaining your budget? Or blowing it? What expenses can you minimise? Do you have extra budget to play with? Do you really need another desk plant or novelty mug to get the job done? (spoiler: you don’t). 

Again, for those businesses eventually looking to raise capital, demonstrating the ability to maintain a lean-burn rate is gold to investors. 

In order to be profitable and accurately budget for the future, it’s important to make the necessary adjustments and be realistic with your financial picture. 

6. Make your money work for you

As a business owner, you will always have expenses, it is part of running a company, but that doesn’t mean that it needs to be a dead cost for the business. 

It is always a good idea to look at your options and think of ways to make your money work better for you. 

Think about different ways to manage your cash flow. Always consider taking advantage of loyalty points and how you can use your business expenses to gain rewards through the loyalty programs on offer.

By Brodie Haupt, CEO and co-founder of digital lending and payments provider WLTH

For more tips on budgeting for the future, see Small Business Answers various guides here.

Expense management

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If you have employees, chances are they will spend money that they will claim back from the business.  Is the $200 bottle of wine an acceptable expense?  Is there an easy and quick way to process those expenses? This guide will look at how you can use expense management software to improve employee productivity and ensure your records are more accurate.

Expense management refers to the systems deployed by a business to process, pay, and audit employee-initiated expenses. This most likely will include policies and procedures that govern such spending, as well as the technologies and services utilised to process and analyse the data associated with it. Expense management software helps simplify this.

WHY consider Expense Management Software (EMS)?

Imagine you leave a restaurant, open an app on your smartphone, take a photo of the receipt, select the applicable expense item, and submit for approval and payment. You are done in less than a minute.  Why? – Because EMS cuts down manual processes, it is easy and fast for both the employee and employer.
Predominately being cloud-based solutions make the software affordable.

What is the difference between manual vs automated expense control?

Advantages of automated expense control:
  1. Productivity. Time and money lost due to misplaced receipts, forgotten expense approvals, and error-prone manual data entry, can put a significant drain on employee productivity and morale. Expense management software can curb these issues and increase efficiency.
  2. Captures GST.  The GST on each receipt can be accurately captured for allowable credits (talk to your accountant to understand what is allowable, for example, entertainment is not)
  3. Automatic integration.  Allows expense data to be loaded straight into your accounting package without any manual processing.
  4. Analyse spending. The ability to track spending by expense category, unit or vendor provides insight into spending trends and identifies areas for cost savings. Organisations can improve their cash flow cycle and forecast for future expenditures.
  5. Compliance. Internal policies, as well as external government and tax regulations, can cause non-compliance risks for a business. Expense management systems help reduce risks by evaluating expense reports against internal and external regulations.

How do I select an expense management system that is right for me?

Features you should evaluate include:
  • Accounting integration – Many systems integrate with popular accounting packages such as Xero and MYOB allowing for easy export of reports and eliminating the need for manual data entry. Be sure to read our essential guide on Accounting Software.
  • Expense compliance – Having some spending policies is a good idea, like a meal allowance whilst traveling. Will the software enforce spending policies and assist with fraud detection flagging expense overruns, duplicate expenses, missing documentation, and so forth?
  • Car mileage – Ability for an employee to track kilometres traveled for a work trip using their car.
  • Approval – Does it streamline the review and approval process by enabling you to approve based on expense type and other variables?
  • Analytics reporting – Will reports help forecast and budget for future expenses, identify spending trends, and highlight cost savings opportunities?
  • Automatic expense import – Do you want it to connect to email accounts and credit cards, allowing users to pick and choose charges to add to expense reports?
  • Smartphone receipt capture – Enables users to scan, email, or take a picture of receipts for easy submission.
  • Direct deposit – Do you want it to link directly to employee bank accounts for quick and easy expense payments.

Summary – photo receipts and accounting software integration

There can be some very fancy features offered from the expense software vendors but in the case of the small business, we recommend you go with the software that offers the basic features like uploading photos of receipts and accounting package integration to minimise costs.  You may also find your accounting package either has this feature built-in or an add on module can be purchased.